Describe the signs, symptoms, and medical procedures used in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction....

MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION

Myocardial infraction is a medical condition in which imbalance between the myocardial blood flow and the metabolic demand of myocardium.Reduction of coronary blood flow is related to progressive atherosclerosis with increasing occlusion of coronary arteries.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• Chest pain {crushing,squeezing,pressing,heavy,stabbing or burning } focused either on the center or just below the center of rib cage it can spread to arm,abdomen,neck,lower jaw
• Sudden weakness
• Sweting
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Breathlessness
• Feels like indigestion
• Women may experience atypical discomfort,shortness of breath,fatigue often present with non s-t segment elevation myocardial infraction or t -wave inversion
• Older client may experience shortness of breath,pulmonary edema ,dizziness,altered mental status

DIAGNOSIS

• Troponin level,total creatine kinase level,CK MB isoenzyme level[ cardiac enzyme releases to blood while myocardial infraction]
• White blood cell count may be elevated
• ECG:-electrocardio gram shows either st-elevation mi ,t wave inversion ,non st -elevation mi or an abnormal q wave may also present,after mi q wave changes usually remains permenently
• DIGITAL SUBSTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY:-test combines of x-ray technique and a computerized sustraction technique with fluroscopy for visualization of cardiovascular system
• MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING:-This is a non invasive diagnostic test that produces that produces images of heart and great vessels through interaction of magnetic fields ,radio wave and atomic nuclei
• ELECTRONIC BEAM COMPUTERISED TOMOGRAPHY :-through this we can determine weather calcification are present in the arteries,coronary artery calcium score is previded
• CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION:-insertion of a catheter in to the vessels of heart to monitor the coronary perfusion

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT

• PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY:-one or more coronary arteries dilated with a baloon catheter to open the vessel lumen and then a device called stent may be placed within the coronary artery to keep the vessel open
• PLAIN ONLY BALLOON CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY;- Balloon angioplasty is a minimally invasive method to widen narrowed arteries from inside the vessel. Like bypass surgery they are widely used standard procedures to treat coronary and peripheral artery disease. This procedure aims to reestablish a sufficient supply of oxygen-rich blood in the affected areas of the heart
• ATHERECTOMY:-removes plaque from a coronary artery by the use of a cutting chamber on the inserted catheter or a rotating blade that pulverizes the plaque
• TRANSMYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION:- TMLR is a type of surgery that uses a laser to make tiny channels through the heart muscle and into the lower-left chamber of the heart (the left ventricle). The left ventricle is the heart’s main pumping chamber.
• CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING:-Coronary artery bypass grafting is a procedure on people who are suffering from severe atherosclerosis or acute coronary syndrome. This condition results from plaque build-up overtime on the inner artery walls.

  The hardened arteries are not able to expand to their fullest capacity to let the blood flow through into the heart.In the CABG procedure, a healthy artery or vein from the body is connected, or grafted, to the blocked coronary artery. The grafted artery bypasses the blocked portion of the coronary artery. The grafted artery thus becomes a new path for the oxygen-rich blood to flow to the heart muscle.